ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื• ื‘ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช

ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื• ื‘ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช

ื”ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ, ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ื—ืžืฆืŸ.

ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื”ื•ื ื ืชื’ืœื” ื›ืชื•ืคืขื” ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ ื—ืฉืžืœ, ืืš ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื”ืชื’ืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช.

ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืคื ื™ ืงืจื™ื ื”, ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ื”ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื•. ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืจืื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื.

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ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ

ื‘ืฉื ืช 1785, ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ ืžืจื˜ื™ื ื•ืก ื•ืืŸ ืžืจื•ื ื‘ืจื™ื— ื—ืจื™ืฃ ืฉื ืคืœื˜ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืขื ืคืจื™ืงื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช ืžืขืœ ืžื™ื. ืชื’ืœื™ืช ื–ื• ืขื•ืจืจื” ืืช ืกืงืจื ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.

ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ื›ื™ืžืื™ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืืŸ ืคืจื™ื“ืจื™ืš ืฉื ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื•ื‘-1840 ื•ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื• ืฉื ืจืฉืžื™ โ€“ ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ, ืžื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช "ืœื”ืจื™ื—.

ื‘ืžื”ืจื”, ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื›ื™ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ, ื•ื‘-1865, ื”ื›ื™ืžืื™ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฆืจื™ ื–'ืืง-ืœื•ืื™ ืกื•ืจื” ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืžื” ืฉื”ืคืš ืืช ื”ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ ืœื ื•ืฉื ืžื—ืงืจ ื ืจื—ื‘.

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ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ื ื‘ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ

ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื ื—ืฉืคื• ืกื’ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืžื—ื˜ืื•ืช, ื”ื—ืœ ื”ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ื›ืœื™ ืจืคื•ืื™.

ื‘ืฉื ืช 1856, ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ืœื—ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื—ื“ืจื™ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื•ื›ืœื™ ืจืคื•ืื”, ื•ื‘-1893 ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืขื™ืจ ื ื™ืก ื‘ืฆืจืคืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืœื˜ื”ืจ ืžื™ ืฉืชื™ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ โ€“ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืžื™ื•ืฉื ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช.

ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื• ื›ื™ ื”ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ ืžืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ืžื”ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืคืฆืขื™ื ื•ืžืคื—ื™ืช ื“ืœืงื•ืช ื•ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื, ืžื” ืฉืชืจื ืœื”ืคื™ื›ืชื• ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืจืคื•ืื™ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—.

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ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช

ืžืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื”-20, ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ ืฆื‘ืจ ืชืื•ืฆื” ื›ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžืฉืœื™ื. ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืจืื• ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืคืจ ืืช ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ื“ื, ืžื—ื–ืง ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื•ืชื•ืจื ืœื”ืคื—ืชืช ื“ืœืงื•ืช ื›ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช.ย 

ื›ื™ื•ื, ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื:

โ€ข ืจืคื•ืืช ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื โ€“ ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืขืฉืฉืช, ื“ืœืงื•ืช ื—ื ื™ื›ื™ื™ื ื•ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืคื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืžื™ื ืžื•ืขืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ ืื• ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืœืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืžื•ืขืฉืจย 

โ€ข ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ืคืฆืขื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืกื•ื›ืจืชื™ื™ื โ€“ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืจืื™ื ื›ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืžื™ื ืขื ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ ืื• ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืœื’ื– ืžืกื™ื™ืขื•ืช ืœื”ืืฆืช ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ืคืฆืขื™ื ื›ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื”ืคื—ืชืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ืย 

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ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื, ื”ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ื—ืœ ื›ืชื’ืœื™ืช ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืžืกืงืจื ืช, ื”ืคืš ืœื›ืœื™ ืจืคื•ืื™ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื‘ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ื™ื•ื, ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ืžื–ื”ื” ื‘ื• ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื.

ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ืืกืคืงืช ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืœืจืงืžื•ืช, ืœื”ืื™ืฅ ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ื•ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช, ื”ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ ืžืชื‘ืกืก ื›ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช. ืขื ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื, ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืฉืœื‘ ืืช ื”ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื โ€“ ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืžืขื ื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืžืืžืจื™ื ื•ืžื—ืงืจื™ื