ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืคืœื•ืื•ืจื™ื“ ืขืœ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืชืจื™ืก: ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ื‘ืœื™ ืœื“ืขืช?

ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืคืœื•ืื•ืจื™ื“ ืขืœ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืชืจื™ืก: ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ื‘ืœื™ ืœื“ืขืช?

ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ืืชื ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืขื™ื™ืคื•ืช ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช, ืžืชืงืฉื™ื ืœืจื“ืช ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ, ืื• ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ื ืฉื™ืจืช ืฉื™ืขืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช. ืจื•ื‘ื ื• ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืกื˜ืจืก, ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื” ืื• ืชื–ื•ื ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื ืžืฆืืช ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืžื™ื ืฉืืชื ืฉื•ืชื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืฉื—ืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื? ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืงืฉืจ ืืคืฉืจื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืœื•ืื•ืจื™ื“ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืชืจื™ืก โ€“ ื”ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื” ืฉืื—ืจืื™ืช ืขืœ ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ืœื™ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ.

ืื™ืš ืคืœื•ืื•ืจื™ื“ ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืชืจื™ืก?

ืคืœื•ืื•ืจื™ื“, ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžื™ ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื•ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ื™ื’ื™ื™ื ืช ื”ืคื”, ืžืชื—ืจื” ืขื ื”ื™ื•ื“ โ€“ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืชืงื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืชืจื™ืก. ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืจืื™ื ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ืœืคืœื•ืื•ืจื™ื“ ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื“ื›ื ืืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ ื”ืชืจื™ืก, ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืื˜ืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช.

-ื“ื•"ื— ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ (NRC, 2006) ืžื—ืงืจ ืจื—ื‘-ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืžืฆื ื›ื™ ืคืœื•ืื•ืจื™ื“ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืฉื‘ืฉ ืืช ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืชืจื™ืก, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืฆืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื“. ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืืฆืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”, ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ืœืคืœื•ืื•ืจื™ื“ ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืชืช-ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืชืจื™ืก.

- ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื ืขืจืš ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” (Peckham et al., 2015) ย ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื”ืชื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื”ืจืื” ื›ื™ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืจืžื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืœื•ืื•ืจื™ื“ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื• ืขืœ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชืช-ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืชืจื™ืก. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืฆืจื›ื• ืžื™ื ืขืชื™ืจื™ ืคืœื•ืื•ืจื™ื“ ื ื˜ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ืžืขื™ื™ืคื•ืช, ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ื•ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ื•ืช.

- ืคืœื•ืื•ืจื™ื“ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืจืคื•ืื™ ื‘ืชืช-ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื™ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืชืจื™ืก ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืžืคืชื™ืขื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืจืคื•ืื™ ื‘ืคืœื•ืื•ืจื™ื“ ืœื”ืคื—ืชืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืชืจื™ืก ืืฆืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืกื‘ืœื• ืžื”ื™ืคืจืชื™ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื–ื (ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื™ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื”). ืื ื—ื•ืžืจ ื–ื” ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืคื•ืื™ ืœื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ ื”ืชืจื™ืก, ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•?

ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœื™ื ื•?

  1. ืคืœื•ืื•ืจื™ื“ ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ืกืคื™ื’ืช ื”ื™ื•ื“ โ€“ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื–ืงื•ืง ืœื™ื•ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ ื”ืชืจื™ืก, ืืš ืคืœื•ืื•ืจื™ื“ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื—ืกื•ื ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื•.
  2. ื”ืื˜ืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื โ€“ ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ ื”ืชืจื™ืก ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืื˜ื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืขื™ื™ืคื•ืช, ื”ืฉืžื ื”, ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
  3. ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช โ€“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื—ืฉืคื™ื ืœืจืžื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืœื•ืื•ืจื™ื“ ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื”, ื•ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืจ ื•ืฉื™ืขืจ.

ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืคืœื•ืื•ืจื™ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืกื ื ื™ ืžื™ื ื”ืžืคื—ื™ืชื™ื ืคืœื•ืื•ืจื™ื“, ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ืžืฉื—ื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœืœื ืคืœื•ืื•ืจื™ื“, ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืคืœื•ืื•ืจื™ื“ ื‘ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืคื•ื˜ื•ืืœืงื˜ืจื™ืช ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ื ื™ืงื•ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื•ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœืœื ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืคืœื•ืื•ืจื™ื“ ืื• ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื–ื™ืง ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช.
ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืืžืฅ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ื•ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ื’ื™ื™ื ืช ื”ืคื” ื•ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช.

ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืžืืžืจื™ื ื•ืžื—ืงืจื™ื